| The
Concensus Conference |
|
Consensus meeting on “Dietary fat intake during the perinatal period”,
11-14 September 2005, Wildbad Kreuth/ Germany
In preparation of the recommendations for dietary fat intake during pregnancy,
there had been intensive communication and, in order to support communication
between the PERILIP partners
and the external experts, a dedicated website had been set up (http://perilip.project-earnest.org).
On this website publications related to fatty acid intake during pregnancy
and lactation and the presentations of all participants (including
the results from PERILIP)
were available for download in advance of the consensus meeting. Among
the invited experts and PERILIP partners
representatives of several international organisations had accepted the
invitation, which ensured a wider acceptance and dissemination of the recommendations which
were developed.
|
| Participants |
| Name |
Institution |
Other
affiliation |
Prof.
H. Konrad Biesalski, MD
|
Institute
for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University
of Hohenheim
|
|
Prof.
Tom Clandinin, PhD
|
Department
of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University
of Alberta
|
|
Prof.
William C. Heird, MD
|
Children´s
Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston
|
|
Elvira
Larqué Daza, PhD
|
Dept. of
Animal Physiology, University of Murcia
|
|
Prof.
Hope Weiler, PhD
|
Department
of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba
|
|
Pauline
Emmett, PhD
|
Department
of Child Health, University of Bristol
|
|
Imogen
Rogers, PhD
|
Department
of Child Health, University of Bristol
|
|
Paola
Roggero, MD
|
Department
of Neonatology, Clinica Mangiagalli, University of
Milan
|
|
Joachim
Heinrich, PhD
|
GSF-National
Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute
of Epidemiology
|
|
Prof.
Tamás Decsi, MD, PhD
|
Departments
of Paediatrics, University of Pécs
|
|
Kirsi
Laitinen, PhD
|
Department
of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku
|
|
Irene
Hösli, MD,
|
Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Women's Hospital,
Basel
|
|
Prof.
Sjurdur Olsen, MD, PhD
|
Department
of Epidemiology Research, University of Aarhus
|
|
Prof.
Tom Brenna, PhD
|
Division
of Nutritional Science, Cornell University
|
International
Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL)
|
Prof.
Hania Szajewska, MD
|
Department
of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, The
Medical University of Warsaw
|
European
Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology
and Nutrition (ESPGHAN), Committee on Nutrition
|
Prof.
Berthold Koletzko, MD
|
Div. Metabolic
Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s
Hospital, Munich
|
Early Nutrition
Programming for Adult Health (EARNEST) and PERILIP
|
Prof.
Emilio Herrera, PhD
|
Faculty
of Experimental and Health Sciences, University San
Pablo CEU, Madrid
|
The Diabetic
Pregnancy Study Group, European Association of the
Study of Diabetes (DPSG)
|
Peter
Dodds, PhD,
|
Department
of Agricultural Science, Imperial College London
|
PERILIP and
Infant Nutrition Cluster
|
Hildegard
Debertin
|
Div. Metabolic
Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s
Hospital, Munich
|
Child Health
Foundation
|
Prof.
Irene Cetin, MD
|
Institute
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan
|
European
Association of Perinatal Medicine (EAPN)
|
Prof.
Kim Michaelsen, MD
|
Department
of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University, Frederiksberg
|
The International
Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML)
|
Prof.
Fabio Facchinetti, MD
|
Universita
di Modena e Reggio Emilia
|
European
Association of Perinatal Medicine
|
Prof.
Lubos Sobotka, CSc
|
Department
of Metabolic Care and Gerontology, Charles University
and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove
|
The European
Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN)
|
Prof.
Gernot Desoye, PhD
|
Clinic of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Graz
|
International
Federation of Placenta Associations (IFPA)
|
Gioia
Alvino, MD
|
Institute
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan
|
|
Matthew
Hyde, B.Sc
|
Department
of Agricultural Science, Imperial College London
|
|
John
Laws, B.Sc
|
Department
of Agricultural Science, Imperial College London
|
|
Hans
Demmelmair, PhD
|
Div. Metabolic
Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s
Hospital, Munich
|
|
Prof.
Guy Putet, MD,
|
Service
de Neonatologie, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon
|
|
Henar
Ortega, PhD
|
Faculty
of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universidad San
Pablo CEU, Madrid
|
|
Illiana
Lopez-Soldado, PhD
|
Faculty
of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universidad San
Pablo CEU, Madrid
|
|
Veronika
Dietz
|
Div. Metabolic
Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s
Hospital, Munich
|
|
| Juliana
von Berlepsch |
Div. Metabolic
Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s
Hospital, Munich |
|
|
| Recommendations |
| 1 |
Dietary
fat intake during pregnancy and lactation (as a proportion
of energy intake) should be the same as that recommended
for the general population. |
| 2 |
The
omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3
LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), must be deposited
in adequate amounts in brain and other tissues during
foetal and early postnatal life. Several studies have
shown an association between visual and cognitive development
of infants and maternal dietary intake of fatty fish
or oils providing n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy and/or
lactation. Therefore, pregnant and lactating women
should aim to achieve a dietary intake of n-3 LC-PUFA
that supplies a DHA intake of at least 200 mg/day.
Intakes of up to 1 g/day of DHA or 2.7 g/day of n-3
LC-PUFA have been used in randomized trials without
occurrence of significant adverse effects. |
| 3 |
Women
of childbearing age should consume one to two portions
of fish per week, including fatty fish which is a good
source of n-3 LC-PUFA. This intake of fatty fish usually
does not exceed the tolerable intake of environmental
contaminants. Dietary fish should be selected from
a wide range of species without undue preference for
large predatory fish such as swordfish and tuna which
are more likely to be contaminated with methylmercury. |
| 4 |
Intake
of the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid, is far less
effective with respect to DHA deposition in foetal
brain than the intake of preformed DHA. |
| 5 |
There
is no evidence that women of childbearing age whose
dietary intake of linoleic acid is adequate need an
additional dietary intake of arachidonic acid. |
| 6 |
Some,
but not all, studies have shown that maternal intake
of fish, fish oils or n-3 LC-PUFA results in a slightly
longer duration of gestation and a somewhat higher
birth weight and one study has shown that n-3 LC-PUFA
supplementation of women with a history of preterm
delivery reduces the risk of recurrent preterm delivery.
At present, however, the implications of such effects
with respect to infant health are not clear. |
| 7 |
Screening
for dietary inadequacies should be performed during
pregnancy, preferably during the first trimester. If
less than desirable dietary habits are detected, individual
counselling should be offered during pregnancy as well
as during lactation. |
| |
|
|
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